https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/ Journal of Greater Khorasan en daily 1 Tue, 20 May 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Tue, 20 May 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_221281.html Islamic art that appears with the decorations of buildings and religious places; And usually, with inscriptions and traditional motifs, they portray an image free from the physical world. The holy shrine of Razavi is also one of the most magnificent religious buildings in Iran with its collection of porticoes, courtyards and naves. that artists in different eras and fields have considered their art as a means of showing devotion to that majesty. There are many stone carvings in Razavi's collection; The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the characteristics of the structure and content of the carved inscriptions and decorations on the plinth 1 of the two porticos of Dar al-Siadeh, Dar al-Hofaz, and seeks to answer the question of what is the visual and visual structure of the scripts in the porticoes of Dar al-Siadeh, Daral-Hofaz, and in terms of content What subjects is the basis? The current research is descriptive-analytical, data collection, library and field. The findings show that the content of the examined inscriptions is based on Quranic concepts and prayers with the Tholut script and literary pieces with the Nastaliq, which are coordinated with the visual capabilities of these two types of scripts in terms of creating space and easy reading. The visual structure of the inscriptions is engraved in oval, circle and square geometric shapes, and they are often repeated with alternating and contrasting rhythms. These inscriptions have been examined in terms of composition in symmetrical, vertical, horizontal, crossed and oblique formats. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_221282.html Gol O Morgh paintig of contemporary Iran should be considered as the period between Qajar, from the beginning of constitutionalism to the end of the 14th century. Sani al-Mulk and Kamal al-Mulk announced the end of artificial arts, but the bazaar circle in cities like Isfahan survived despite the hardships caused by the bad economy, war and famine. During the Pahlavi period of these families, including Imami, their works of attracted the attention of tourists and western researchers. On the second side, artists such as Hossein Altafi and Issa Alofte took this responsibility so that the market of the paintings would flourish. The purpose of this article is to introduce flower and bird artists in the contemporary period. Therefore, we are looking for answers to these questions: Which artists transferred the flower and bird painting movement in the first and second Pahlavi period to the period after the revolution and what are the technical and visual characteristics of flower and bird painting after the revolution? Why we can call tufani is "the end of the century" in the painting of flowers and birds? The research method is descriptive and analytical and the method of collecting materials is library and field in the form of interviews using accessible sources of museums and reliable sites. The findings based on the visual analysis of the paintings indicate that after the revolution we are faced with three styles of flower and bird painting, with three painter, Fkharmondfared, Muhammad baqir aqamiri and riza fattahi. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_221283.html The problem of research is to examine and compare candlesticks of the Timurid, Safavid and Qajar eras and to express the differences and commonalities of the form and role of candlesticks with each other. The goal is to first identify the formal characteristics and decorative motifs governing the candlesticks of these periods, and then to match the structure of the decorative motifs and form of these candlesticks, and finally to develop the theoretical knowledge of the metalworking art of the Timurid period. Safavid and Qajar periods. What is the main question of the research, what are the shapes and roles of the Timurid, Safavid and Qajar period candlesticks and what are their commonalities or differences? The type of research is descriptive-historical. Collecting information is by library and document method. The statistical population of the research includes 7 metal candlesticks from each perio. The results show that the form of candlesticks in the Timurid period changes from an incomplete conical form to the base of Safavid and Qajar pillar candlesticks. The base material of the candlesticks in all three periods was mainly made of brass and often of casting and carving techniques, and the most motifs used in all three periods were plants. There are some differences, such as the prevalence of calligraphy decorations in Nashq and Thult script in the Timurid period, the use of Nastaliq script in the Safavid period, and the return to the use of Thult script in the Qajar period for the use of Arabic texts. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_228392.html Carpet weaving, as an ancient art in Iran, is commonly divided into two components: the field and the border, based on pattern structure. In certain carpet types, especially those from the Timurid era, borders serve as a vital stylistic element for proper understanding and classification. Consequently, the importance of borders in Timurid-style carpets underscores their critical role in facilitating comprehension of this art. Intact examples of these carpets are limited, heightening the significance of remaining images as a documentary source for recognizing this art. This qualitative research leverages these sources and, through a descriptive-analytical method, aims to identify types of borders in Timurid-style carpets based on visual structure. The research findings indicate that these border types can be classified into four main groups and eleven subgroups: 1. Borders composed of interlocking knots (with the main element being the destiny knot, with the main element being the hooked knot) 2. Borders composed of destiny knots or composed of hooked knots (destiny knot, composite knot, combinable knot) 3. Islamic borders (mihrab-shaped, candlestick-shaped, complete Islamic) 4. Simple borders (geometric, geometric-rotational). https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_237159.html Central Asia and its adjacent areas in the Sasanian and early Islamic periods, which corresponds to the 4th to 8th centuries A.D, are generally regarded as important regions to study the diversity and flourishing of various religions in the ancient world. In fact, the recovered archaeological evidence along with some historical sources inform us of a significant religious diversity in this extensive land. Although certain regions of Central Asia, like Sogdiana, were considered parts of the Sasanian Empire territories, such religious diversity cannot be traced in any other region governed or influenced by the Sasanians. Christianity is one of these religions whose prevalence in Central Asia is of high importance as this region was located far from the centers of Christianity in the ancient world. The lack of studies on this subject, especially in the domain of archaeological studies in Iran, makes the research on this topic a necessity, in my opinion. The current paper aims to discuss the factors which contributed to the globalization of Christianity in Central Asia, as well as explain the status of Christians in this region. According to the results of this research, compulsory immigration, economic-political interactions, and the presence of missionaries must have played the most important role in the spreading of Christianity throughout Central Asia. Moreover, it can be inferred that Christianity, along with Zoroastrianism and Buddhism, was a dynamic faith in this region. The probable support of some local rulers of this faith might have also affected its flourishing in Central Asia. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_247179.html The Jameh Mosque of Qasbah Gonabad is a historical monument dating back to the Khwarazmian period, and, most notably, the Qajar period. Among its decorative features are the stucco ornaments of the northeastern entrance portal, as well as the three mihrabs located in the front iwan and the southeastern and northeastern prayer halls. This study aims to provide a mystical (Sufi) interpretation of the motifs and inscriptions incorporated into the Qajar-period stucco decorations of the mosque. Accordingly, it seeks to answer the following question: How can the Qajar stucco decorations of the northeastern entrance and the three mihrabs be interpreted from a mystical perspective, and what relationship might they have with the cultural and environmental context of that period?The findings indicate that the Qajar inscriptions of the Jameh Mosque are expressed through the motifs of the Murgh-e Bismil (the sacrificial bird), the calligraphic form of the letter Lā (لا) at the northeastern entrance, and the Chalipā-ye ‘Alī (cross-shaped calligraphic composition of the name ‘Alī) in the principal mihrab. Collectively, these motifs present Imam ‘Alī as the manifestation of the cosmos, while the Murgh-e Bismil symbolizes the precedence of divine mercy over divine wrath. The numerical symbolism and recurring numbers embedded in the decorative program further underscore the centrality of wilāyah. The hoopoe depicted as guarding the cypress containing the calligraphic Lā may represent the Sufi-inclined people of Gonabad, as well as the dervishes, who sought divine blessing and lawful sustenance through spiritual striving and gratitude. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252572.html Banknotes will have different functions in post-colonial or post-ideological societies. Depending on the symbolic meanings that their design features carry, money conveys different messages. This study examines the role of banknotes in representing national identity and political legitimacy in four Central Asian countries—Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan—after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Using a combined content analysis approach (quantitative and qualitative), it evaluates four key components: man-made attractions, natural landscapes and animals, national and indigenous symbols, and depictions of notable figures. The findings reveal distinct strategies: Uzbekistan emphasizes religious and historical monuments, particularly along the Silk Road; Tajikistan highlights governmental buildings and national poets; Turkmenistan underscores leader-centric legitimacy and mythological heritage; and Kyrgyzstan showcases mountainous landscapes, the eagle, and contemporary cultural figures, including women. Symbol analysis indicates that shared motifs such as wheat, cotton, crescent, and star link economic, cultural, and ideological narratives, while unique elements like Kyrgyzstan’s tunduk or Turkmenistan’s Akhal-Teke horse reinforce local identity. The study concludes that banknotes function as condensed visual texts, offering an effective medium for examining strategies of identity reconstruction in post-ideological and post-colonial contexts. Beyond their economic function, they serve as instruments of cultural diplomacy and as tools for strengthening national cohesion. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252576.html This study examines the foreign policy of Mohammad Daoud Khan during his presidency (1973–1978) within the broader context of Cold War geopolitics. Following his 1973 coup and the establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan, Daoud’s foreign policy unfolded in two distinct phases. Initially (1973–1976), he aligned closely with the Soviet Union, securing over $600 million in economic and military aid, which modernized Afghanistan’s armed forces and expanded infrastructure. However, this dependence also facilitated deep infiltration of the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) into state and military institutions, creating long-term vulnerabilities. In the second phase (1976–1978), Daoud sought to counterbalance Soviet influence by pivoting toward the West and regional powers, including Iran, Pakistan, and Arab states. While these efforts aimed to diversify alliances and restore autonomy, Western and regional support proved insufficient to offset Soviet dominance. The combination of limited alternative assistance, internal political polarization, and PDPA infiltration culminated in the April 1978 Saur Revolution, a coup backed by pro-Soviet military officers, which ended Daoud’s rule and set the stage for the 1979 Soviet invasion. Using declassified Soviet and U.S. documents, CIA reports, and scholarly sources, the study demonstrates the structural limitations of realist strategies when applied by a weak state caught between competing great powers. It underscores how external dependency and internal fragility can undermine even rational, survival-oriented foreign policy approaches. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252577.html Abstract During the reign of Amir Dost Mohammad Khan, the Shia of Afghanistan had limited relations with the state. Due to the restrictive political, social, and military environment he enforced against them, they were largely excluded from these spheres and experienced a degree of suppression. Nevertheless, under the rule of Amir Sher Ali Khan, they managed to preserve their existing semi-autonomous governance and provided significant services to the Amir's government, aiding his victory over his rivals. During the rule of Amir Mohammad Yaqub Khan, which coincided with the British invasion of Afghanistan, the Shia retained the government positions they previously held and simultaneously played a crucial role in resisting the British invasion. Accordingly, this study seeks to examine the role of the Shia in the struggle against the second and third British invasions of Afghanistan. This research, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, addresses the following question: What was the nature and extent of the Afghan Shia community's resistance against the second and third British invasions of Afghanistan? Despite its significance, this issue has not been scrutinized until now. Therefore, the central question of this research is: What was the position of the Shia of Afghanistan in the struggle against the second and third British invasions? The findings of this study clearly elucidate the details of this matter, revealing both the quality and quantity of the Afghan Shia's role in this anti-colonial movement. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252578.html The primary objective of this study is to examine and identify the underlying causes and conditions of these crises. This research is based on Lucien Pye’s theory of political underdevelopment and employs a descriptive-analytical method to analyze the available data. findings of the study indicate that the national identity crisis, legitimacy crisis, participation crisis, influence crisis, integration crisis, and accumulation crisis have been the most significant structural crises in Afghanistan’s contemporary governments. Historical data suggests that the national identity crisis, stemming from ethnic, religious, and linguistic diversity, the failure of governments to establish a shared national identity, and distorted historical narratives, has become a major barrier to social cohesion, leading to political instability. Furthermore, the legitimacy crisis, arising from governments’ inability to provide security, widespread corruption, unequal distribution of power, and dependence on foreign forces, has diminished public trust in the government, exacerbating the participation crisis. The participation crisis is also a result of ethnic exclusivism and weak democratic institutions, leading to reduced involvement of ethnic groups in major national decision-making processes. Moreover, the influence crisis stems from the government’s inability to extend its authority over all regions of the country and the structural challenges posed by ethnic and tribal autonomies, preventing the exercise of national sovereignty. These factors have contributed to the integration crisis, which is rooted in ethnic, religious, and linguistic conflicts, preventing Afghan governments from fostering national unity and creating a stable system. All of these crises have culminated in the accumulation crisis, hindering development and stability. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252580.html AbstractAbstract Neyshabur is one of the important cities of Greater Khorasan and is located on important trade and economic communication routes such as the Silk Road, and the migration of various ethnic groups in this region from Greater Iran is obvious. After the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (1917) and the imposition of severe religious restrictions, Muslim immigrants from Samarkand came to their neighboring borders of Afghanistan, Khorasan, and especially Neyshabur to escape the restrictions of the communist government, and their social and cultural interaction has been influential in the development of the urban identity of Neyshabur to this day. In this regard, by using oral history in urban studies, it is possible to explain the factors involved in the transformation of the social life space in the city of Neyshabur. This research, while examining the role and position of the Samarkand immigrants in Nishapur during the Reza Shah era, using a descriptive-analytical method and utilizing historical sources, documents, and oral history interviews, seeks to answer the question of what effects the economic, social, and cultural activities and services of the Samarkands in Nishapur had on the urban identity of contemporary Nishapur. The results of the research show that the migration of the Samarkandis to Nishapur during the first Pahlavi period not only created demographic changes but also had profound effects on the culture, urban identity, and social relations of this city. These effects have been manifested in various aspects such as customs, architecture, economy, religion, language, and art. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252581.html In a short, narrative report that does not fit into a specific time frame, Herodotus talks about the Achaemenids' damming of the waterways of the Chorasmian civilization, which, in his view, caused hardship for the people and limited their access to water, and as a result, the Achaemenid king opened the water to the people in exchange for taxes. The fictional nature of this account and Herodotus' negative view of these water supply systems have prevented researchers from examining it independently, although a closer examination shows that important historical themes can be extracted from it. The present research, which will be conducted using content analysis and archaeological methods, seeks to answer the question: What is the historical context of Herodotus's narrative of Darius' dam-building in Chorasmia? The findings will show that Herodotus' report can be attributed to the period of Darius I’s reign, between 519 and 513 BC; the purpose of constructing these water supply systems was to expand the cultivated land in Chorasmia and thereby increase the income of the central government. The type of dams described by Herodotus is similar to Achaemenid examples found in Persia, and his description of water flow management is also consistent with the administrative and economic structure of the Achaemenid empire as we know it from primary sources and therefore, we can consider the original Herodotus' report to be of historical nature and place it within the framework of Darius I's economic and tax reforms. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252584.html Abstract The Afghan education system during the reign of King Amanullah Khan (1919-1929) witnessed attempts at modernization inspired by Western models. These reforms included the establishment of coeducational schools, sending students abroad, restricting traditional education, and drafting new educational laws, which were met with widespread resistance from clerics and tribal leaders. The aim of this study is to examine the conflict between tradition and modernity in the education system of this period and to analyze the socio-political consequences of this conflict. The main question of the study is how did King Amanullah's efforts to reform the education system affect traditional Afghan society? The research method is descriptive-analytical using historical sources and relevant documents. The findings show that haste in modernization and disregard for the socio-cultural context were the main reasons for the failure of the reforms.The education of girls, the closure of traditional schools, and the sending of students to non-Muslim countries exacerbated tensions. The clerics saw these changes as a threat to their Islamic identity and socio-economic interests. The role of intellectuals such as Tarzi and Queen Soraya in promoting modernity was prominent, but the resistance of traditionalists led to a political crisis that ultimately led to the fall of Amanullah's government. Keywords:Afghanistan's educational system, Amanullah King, educational reforms,Girls' education, tradition and modernity. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252585.html Privacy is not a solitary space away from others, but rather an active control over interpersonal and group relationships, and therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to it not only in personal spaces but also in collective and sociable spaces. The sense of solitude is one of the most important conditions for effective emotional communication with God, and mosques can be considered as individual and group retreats for worshipers by providing the basis for realizing this important matter in body and meaning. Every behavioral pattern requires an optimal level of solitude. Therefore, steps should be taken towards this desired level of solitude by using environmental mechanisms to create solitude. The purpose of the present study is to examine the concept of solitude in the architecture of Goharshad Mosque and the concepts related to it. Therefore, the present study is classified as a fundamental research in terms of its purpose and is of a qualitative type that was conducted using a data-driven method. The statistical population of this study includes specialists, experts, and professors of Mashhad universities in the field of architecture. The data collection method includes document study, perspectives, definitions, and in-depth and open interviews, which were conducted with 35 people in this study. NVivo software was used to analyze qualitative data, code, and examine the frequency of codes extracted from the interviews. Finally, a theoretical model of the themes of creating solitude in the architecture of Goharshad Mosque will be presented. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252586.html Atiq Courtyard is one of the oldest courtyards in this collection and Its construction was completed and built in the Safavid and Qajar periods. This courtyard has many artistic and architectural values, many of which have not yet been explained. On the other hand, in recent years, with the Appearance of neuroscience and its connection with art and architecture, insights based on human neurophysiology have been formed in art and architecture. Neuroesthetics is one of these insights which is a scientific field in the research on the perception of beauty. Consequently, the adaptation of the physical and spatial indices of this courtyard with the Neuroesthetics components can reveal the aesthetic values of this courtyard more. The purpose of this research is to identify and adapt the physical-spatial indicators of the Atiq courtyard and adapt it to the Neuroesthetics components. This research is of a qualitative type, in the first step, Neuroesthetics has been studied with a descriptive analytical method. Then, with the field Research and logical reasoning method, the physical-spatial indicators of this courtyard would be identified, and in the final step, the adaptation of the Neuroesthetics components with the physical-spatial Parameters of this courtyard would be done. The results of the research show that there are many Neuroesthetics components such as contrast, grouping, golden ratio and special proportions, connection with open space, height variation, natural and plant decorations in this courtyard, which can be the factors that stimulate the nervous system of visitors and induce the sense of beauty. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252587.html Nishapur, a major early Islamic mint center, played an unparalleled role in the political history of the eastern Islamic world. However, the traditional narrative relies mainly on later written accounts affected by omissions and contradictions. This study reconstructs a more precise political history of Nishapur from the death of Hārūn al-Rashīd (193 AH/809 CE) to the early 5th century AH. Using a comparative historical method centered on numismatics, it systematically compares data from 77 Nishapur coins with reports from traditional sources. The main question is: what new, complementary, or corrective information do the coins provide regarding the succession of rulers, power relations, and ideological transformations in this city? The findings reveal: first, six previously unknown governors (including 'Uthmān and Naṣr b. Saʿd) are identified. Second, established claims — such as Frye's assertion that “all Tahirid coins bear the caliph's name” — are refuted, and the absence of any coin bearing Yaʿqūb b. al-Layth al-Ṣaffār's name challenges the narrative of his domination over Nishapur. Third, the dates of honorific titles (Dhū al-Yamīnayn) and key events (the rise of Rāfiʿ b. Harthama, the blinding of Manṣūr b. Nūḥ) are determined more precisely. Fourth, ideological transformations are documented in Zaydi 'Alid coins (omission of the caliph's name) and in the Ismaili coin of Ḥusayn b. 'Alī al-Marwarrūdhī (pledging allegiance to the Fatimid caliph). The results confirm that comparative analysis of Nishapur's coin legends with historical texts plays a decisive role in reconstructing a detailed political history of Nishapur. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252253.html Among the complementary decorative elements in sacred places and religious buildings, the use of painting is considered significant. This research aims, from a descriptive-analytical perspective and based on documents, to identify the identity of active painters in the complex of the shrine of ʿAlī ibn Mūsā al-Riżā (the eighth Shiʿa Imām buried in Mashhad) during the Ṣafavid (970-1148 AH), Afshārid (1149-1211 AH), and Qājār (1212-1344 AH) periods. The present study seeks to answer the following questions: Who were the active painters during these periods, and what roles did they play in which areas, and what interactions did they have with the shrine complex? The findings indicate that during the Ṣafavid period, there were eight painters (seven short-term and one permanent). In the Afshārid period, there were three painters (one short-term and two permanent), and in the Qājār period, there were ten painters (eight short-term and two permanent), along with two painting apprentices who collaborated with the shrine complex. In all three periods, the painters of the shrine may be divided into two main categories: those responsible for conservation tasks such as groundwork, surface covering, and preliminary coloring, and those responsible for creating Islamic-geometric patterns with various colors and sometimes gilding. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252254.html According to the mythological history of Iran,,the two dynasties of Pishdādiān and Kayānids are located along each other, and the Pishdādiān period is known as the first stage of Iranian traditional history. How a transition of power occurred from the first period to the second dynasty is an issue that the content of the texts related to mythological history have not clearly addressed, and the issue has only been raised in such a way that the royal throne remained empty and when Kavād. the founder of Kayānids dynasty sat on it. What is the purpose of this study, firstly, is to examine the possible chronology for some components related to the Kayānids period, whose historicity and their impact on the documented historical periods have been proven. The most important of these components is the analysis of the time of Zoroaster's appearance and the first evidences related to his thoughts. Then, based on the statistical data documented in the texts, a possible and compatible chronology of mythological periods and based on the language of archaeology (possible adaptations with field evidence) has been investigated and developed. The upcoming research showed that there is a significant connection between the issue of power transition and change of reign between mythological dynasties and the effects of a very large and widespread drought in the last quarter of the second millennium in West Asia. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252255.html The information provided by Persian historical sources about the relations between Iran and China (Khata) during the Timurid period is mainly related to the reign of Amir Timur and Shah Rukh. These relations, which were formed under the influence of two simultaneous events, i.e. the formation of the Timur dynasty in Iran and the establishment of the Ming Empire in China, changed direction over two decades from an unbalanced and antagonistic form to a situation based on cooperation and mutual respect. The main issue of this article is why this change of direction. Historical evidence indicates that this change in relations was a result of the policy adopted by Shahrukh's government. Shahrukh, by continuing the movement of diplomatic delegations and intelligently using religious solutions, made the achievements that were mainly economic and cultural on those orderly relations and the atmosphere of relations balanced. Knowing about the contents of Chinese sources that simultaneously addressed this phase of the relations between the two countries can complement the information provided by Persian sources. Therefore, by using the contents of the book "Ming Shi" (Ming History), an attempt is made to shed light on these relations from the perspective of the Chinese side. The research method in this article is a constructionist method and independent of theory. In this method, the basic assumption is that the content of the sources is sufficient to draw and meaningfully construct the reality of the past. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252259.html Attar Neyshaburi was one of the prominent poets of the 6th century AH in the Islamic world. In his era, sectarian conflicts disrupted the order of large cities such as Neyshaburi. Although the Sheikh considered himself a Shafi'i in the traditional sense, he did not neglect the Na'at of the Shiite Imams in order to extinguish the fire of religious prejudices by adhering to tolerance through religious balance and tolerance. The purpose of the present study, relying on the descriptive-analytical method, is to examine the qualitative emphases of Na'at in Attar's works (Asrar-nameh, Ilah-nameh, Mukhtar-nameh, Mantiq-al-Tayr, Masab-nameh and Tazkir-al-Awliya), which shows that this Iranian elite's language in the text has turned towards the repeated and extreme Na'at of Imami Shia values ​​and norms, which is unparalleled in Shafi'i discourse. The explicit reference to the fundamental concepts of text and guardianship, imamate, infallibility of the Imam, intercession and recourse to the Imams, naming Imam Hussein (AS), cursing the perpetrators of the Ashura incident, mentioning the Shaqshaqiyyah sermon, and other components, especially in his later works, indicate that Attar changed his religion to Shiism at the end of his life, taking into account the preference and dense qualitative and quantitative range of the Naat of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). Also, despite the taqiyyah that is developed in the text of his works, he reveals the fundamental changes in the religious context of Nishapur from Shafi'ism to Shiism in the heart of Greater Khorasan. Exploring his life through his works as a representative https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252260.html The Maktab-Khaneh (Traditional School) of Sayyid Orphans was one of the oldest and most prominent schools in the city of Mashhad, with its origins dating back to the era of Shah Tahmasp Safavi. This maktab-khaneh holds a significant place in the history of religious education within Astan Quds Razavi and the transition from traditional to modern educational styles in Mashhad. Established near the shrine of Imam Reza with the aim of educating orphaned children, particularly Sayyids, it continued its operations through various endowments until the late Qajar period, eventually transforming into a modern school.The main research question revolves around the transformation of the educational system in Astan Quds from a maktab-khaneh to a modern school, the transition from tradition to modernity, and the challenges associated with this process.Findings from this research, based on archival documents and press sources, indicate that in 1319 AH, Nasir al-Mulk, influenced by modern schools such as Hemmat and the Adab journal, attempted to convert the Maktab-Khaneh of Sayyid Orphans into a modern school. However, his reform efforts remained incomplete. Later, in 1327 AH, Sadr al-Mamalek, as part of his reforms in Astan Quds, renovated the Maktab-Khaneh of Sayyid Orphans and reopened it as Madreseh-ye Sadriyeh in Bagh-e Tawliat. This school marked the transition from the traditional maktab-khaneh system to a modern educational institution, undergoing changes in management, teaching methods, and curriculum. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252261.html During the Qajar dynasty, most Qajar princes ruled one of the regions of Iran. The Nir al-Dowleh family, who were descendants of Parviz Mirza, son of Fath Ali Shah Qajar, were considered the most important ruling family of Nishapur during this period. This research, in the style of historical research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, using sources such as memoirs, newspapers, documents, and oral history and analyzing them, answers the question: What were the reasons for the establishment and continuation of the rule of the Nir al-Dawlah dynasty in Nishapur during the Qajar period, and what were the consequences of this continuation? The research findings indicate that the geographical location and suitable climate of Neyshabur, the numerous properties and high income from these properties, the influence of this family in the court, their relative connection with the Qajar Shah, and the encouragement and willingness of the central government, were influential in the continuation of this family's rule over Neyshabur. Although the rule of the Nir al-Dawlah family over Nishapur was accompanied by the development of the city and the prosperity of agriculture in the land, in some cases it led to the seizure of private and government properties. The injustice and oppression of the rulers of this family, coupled with unusual taxation of the people, placed additional pressure on the people of this region. The separation of the Nishapur government from Khorasan, Independence along with tyranny intensified them. and the Constitutional Revolution also failed to reduce their authoritarian rule. https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_252262.html Since the establishment of the administrative structure of the Razavi Shrine, one of the major challenges has been the organization and management of endowed properties. The large and growing number of waqf assets, their geographical spread, and diverse usage have posed significant difficulties in their administration. Leasing these properties emerged as a common method for organizing and economically utilizing them, playing a crucial role in the waqf management system. The aim of this article is to examine the methods of leasing the endowed properties of Astan Quds Razavi during the Qajar period and to analyze the factors influencing this process. Based on historical sources and documents, the study seeks to answer how the leasing of endowed properties was managed during this era. For a more precise analysis, and in light of the changes following the Constitutional Revolution, the Qajar period is divided into two phases: pre- and post-constitutional. Findings indicate that prior to the revolution, property leasing was conducted according to customary and religious rules under the supervision of shrine and waqf custodians; however, after the revolution, administrative reforms placed this process under direct government oversight, often through the Ministry of Education and Endowments or the Governor of Khorasan. Overall, the leasing practices were shaped by the managerial capacity of custodians and the prevailing political, economic, and social conditions. The research method employed is library-based, with a focus on comparative and analytical examination of sources, particularly archival documents.