@article { author = {تقوی, عابد and فرزین, سامان and کوهستانی اندرزی, حسین and عبداللهی, مهسا}, title = {Components passive defense in the castle "ًQale koh-qaeen"}, journal = {Journal of Great Khorasan}, volume = {8}, number = {27}, pages = {41-54}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Imam Reza International University}, issn = {2251-6131}, eissn = {2717-1671}, doi = {}, abstract = {The Ismailian sector is known as a part of Shiism which later gained power as the Khalifs of Fatemi. In the midst of the 4th century of the lunar calendar, Hassan Sabbah who occupied Alamoot Castle as his foundation was the pioneer of the Ismailian movement in Iran. As he got stronger in the northern part of Iran, he selected Qohestan as his second base. Castles were rapidly taken up and escalated in Qohestan. They were so powerful there the Seljuks could never defeat that after their several attacks to put an end to the Ismailis but Ismailis did always win. The Ismailis' great power was based on their defense strategy that was fully dependent on the castles. The castles in Qohestan were steadily constructed observing all aspects of the important defensive points. This research is objectively considered as fundamental studies and is mainly known as historic, descriptive analysis. This research is based on utilizing written historic sources, and implemental studies and archeological documentary known as the ways of collecting information. The Ismailis did their best to provide themselves with the different indicators of the passive defense because of the shortage of the military troops to protect themselves. according to the consequences resulting from the castle of Qayen mount, which was one of the most significant strategic places of the Ismailis the barricades could never be defeated or even accessible considering the ammunition used at the time. The castle was available just to the one side of the mount. The Important points inside the castle were precisely designed and fabricated in the inaccessible areas. The high mount and walls prevented the invaders and archers from having access to the areas inside. The strategic towers were fabricated in the important parts of the castle that could be easily reached by the Ismailis. The ruling court and the homes of the commanders were deployed at the last defensive front. The warehouses were separately constructed for each surrounding. The significant parts of the castle were hidden based on the topography of the mount. The castle was located on the best part of the plain to have proper views to the main roads for the dwellers. The wall and towers were founded based on a high resistance and steadiness. The Ismailian sector is known as a part of Shiism which later gained power as the Khalifs of Fatemi. In the midst of the 4th century of the lunar calendar, Hassan Sabbah who occupied Alamoot Castle as his foundation was the pioneer of the Ismailian movement in Iran. As he got stronger in the northern part of Iran, he selected Qohestan as his second base. The Ismailis did their best to provide themselves with the different indicators of the passive defense because of the shortage of the military troops to protect themselves. according to the consequences resulting from the castle of Qayen mount, which was one of the most significant strategic places of the Ismailis the barricades could never be defeated or even accessible considering the ammunition used at the time. The castle was available just to the one side of the mount.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {مؤلفه های دفاع غیرعامل در دژ"قلعه کوه قائن}, abstract_fa = {در طول تاریخ معماری و شهرسازی ایران، دفاع غیرعامل به عنوان بخشی جدایی ناپذیر در روند شکل­گیری و گسترش شهرها محسوب می­شده است. این نوع دفاع در جهت به حداقل رساندن آسیب به نیروهای خودی درمقابل هجوم دشمن لحاظ می­شده و معمولاً بدون دخالت نیروی انسانی صورت می­ پذیرفت. دفاع غیرعامل گونه­ای از ایمن­سازی و دفاع از خود است، که محیط خود را بدون استفاده از سلاح و با استفاده از جغرافیا و ژئوفیزیک و ساخت اندام­های دفاعی ایمن کرده­ است. در قهستان قدرت اسماعیلیان از طریق استراتژی دفاعی که قلاع به ایشان می­داد تامین می گشت. قلاع در قهستان با استحکام زیاد و با رعایت تمامی نکات مهم تدافعی ساخته شده است. اسماعیلیان به دلیل کمبود نیروی نظامی در تاریخ حیاتشان سعی فروان در فراهم آوردن مؤلفه­های دفاع غیرعامل در حفاظت و تامین امنیت خویش کرده­اند. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده از بررسی قلعه کوه قاین که از مهمترین مکان­های استراتژیک اسماعیلیان در شرق ایران بوده است؛ استحکامات تقریبا با تسلیحات آن زمان قابل دسترس نبوده­اند، تنها از یک سوی کوه دسترسی به قلعه مهیا بود، نقاط حساس در قلعه به صورت دقیق در نواحی غیرقابل دسترس تعبیه گشته است، ارتفاع کوه و حصار اجازه دسترسی مهاجمان و کمانداران را بسیار دشوار ساخته، برج‌های استراتژیک­ در نقاط حساس و با دسترسی آسان تعبیه می‌گشت، ارگ حکومتی و محل زندگی حکام در آخرین جبهه دفاعی مستقر گردیده، انبارها به صورت مجزا برای هر یک از حصارها تعریف گشته است. از توپوگرافی کوه در پنهان­سازی نقاط مهم قلعه استفاده برده­اند، قلعه در بهترین نقطه از دشت واقع گردیده تا دید کافی به راه‌های اصلی را به ساکنین می‌دهد، حصار و برج­ها از پایه و ابتدای ساخت با استحکام بالا بنا گردیده است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع روش توصیفی- تحلیل تاریخی است. همچنین در گردآوری اطلاعات، از منابع تاریخی دست اول و تحقیقات اندیشمندان معاصر بهره گرفته شده و داده های پژوهش حاصل بازدید و مستندنگاری میدانی از دژ قلعه کوه قاین می باشد.}, keywords_fa = {واژگان کلیدی : اسماعیلیان,مغول,قلاع,قلعه کوه قاین,پدافند غیرعامل,قهستان}, url = {https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_137892.html}, eprint = {https://jgk.imamreza.ac.ir/article_137892_2a4e3ffe1749ec1bde541ccf50513f37.pdf} }